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Conquering Heroines: How Women Fought Sex Bias at Michigan and Paved the Way for Title IX

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Conquering Heroines: How Women Fought Sex Bias at Michigan and Paved the Way for Title IXIn 1970, a group of women in Ann Arbor launched a crusade with an objective that seemed beyond reach at the time force the University of Michigan to treat women the same as men. Sex discrimination was then rampant at U M. The school's admissions officials sought to maintain a ratio of 55: 45 between male and female undergraduate entrants, turning away more qualified female applicants and arguing, among other things, that men needed help because they

In 1970, a group of women in Ann Arbor launched a crusade with an objective that seemed beyond reach at the time--force the University of Michigan to treat women the same as men. Sex discrimination was then rampant at U-M. The school's admissions officials sought to maintain a ratio of 55:45 between male and female undergraduate entrants, turning away more qualified female applicants and arguing, among other things, that men needed help because they were less mature and posted lower grades. Women comprised less than seven percent of the University's faculty members and their salaries trailed their male peers by substantial amounts. As one administrator put it when pressed about the disparity, "Men have better use for the extra money."

Galvanized by their shared experiences with sex discrimination, the Ann Arbor women organized a group called FOCUS on Equal Employment for Women, led by activist Jean Ledwith King. Working with Bernice Sandler of the Women's Equity Action League, they developed a strategy to unleash the power of another powerful institution--the federal government--to demand change at U-M and, they hoped, across the world of higher education. Prompted by a complaint filed by FOCUS, the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare soon documented egregious examples of discrimination in Michigan's practices toward women and threatened to withhold millions of dollars in contracts unless the school adopted remedies. Among the hundreds of similar complaints filed against U.S. colleges in 1970-1971, the one brought by the Michigan women achieved the breakthrough that provided the historic template for settlements with other institutions.

Drawing on oral histories from archives as well as new interviews with living participants, Conquering Heroines chronicles this pivotal period in the histories of the University of Michigan and the women's movement. An incredible story of grassroots activism and courageous women, the book highlights the kind of relentless effort that has helped make inclusivity an ongoing goal at U-M.


Binding Type: Paperback
Publisher: University of Michigan Regional
Published: 07/09/2020
ISBN: 9780472037889
Pages: 344
Weight: 1.20lbs
Size: 8.90h x 6.00w x 0.90d
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SKU: 77533917181

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Update: I’ve had this charger for about 9-10 months. I still love it, but it seems that the watch charger is only working intermittently. Sometimes it charges and sometimes it doesn’t. Another odd thing with the watch charger is that my watch will chime occasionally in the middle of the night. Doesn’t do this on the standard Apple Watch charger, so, I’m not sure what is causing this. Due to these issues with the watch charger, I dropped one star. Original Review: This charger is great. The magnetic hold is strong and it keeps my iPhone 16 pro max solidly in place all night. Despite this solid hold it can remove it easily by sliding the phone up or down off of the magnet. The fact that I can charge my watch and air pods simultaneously is even better. Being able to store all three items on one device that takes up a small footprint on my nightstand is even better. The hold on these items is very light and they are easy to remove as well. There is a small green led light, but I can say I don’t even notice it.
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